Widely used in optoelectronic applications due to its strong absorption in the visible region and excellent hole-transport properties. Commonly employed in organic solar cells as a donor material in the active layer, enhancing power conversion efficiency. Also utilized in dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells as a sensitizing agent or interfacial layer. Serves as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment, generating reactive oxygen species upon light irradiation. Applied in electrochemical sensors and biosensors for detecting various analytes owing to its redox activity and signal amplification capabilities. Used in nonlinear optical devices because of its large two-photon absorption cross-section. Also explored in molecular electronics and as a fluorescent probe in imaging studies.