Used as a key building block in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) due to its rigid porphyrin core and multiple carboxylic acid groups. Enables catalytic applications by coordinating metal ions within the porphyrin center, useful in oxidation reactions and photocatalysis. Employed in sensor development for detecting gases and small molecules owing to its optical and electronic response upon binding. Applied in dye-sensitized solar cells and other photovoltaic devices as a light-harvesting component. Investigated for use in photodynamic therapy as a photosensitizer that generates reactive oxygen species under light irradiation.