Used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment. Its structure allows efficient generation of singlet oxygen upon light activation, targeting and destroying cancer cells. Also applied in dye-sensitized solar cells due to its strong absorption of visible light and ability to facilitate electron transfer. Serves as a building block in metal-organic frameworks for catalysis and sensing applications. Its multiple carboxylic acid groups enable strong coordination with metal ions and surfaces, enhancing stability and functionality in thin-film devices.