Used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species under light irradiation. Also employed in dye-sensitized solar cells to enhance light absorption and electron transfer efficiency. Acts as a catalyst in oxidation reactions, particularly in fine chemical synthesis. Its porphyrin structure allows for strong coordination with metal centers, making it useful in the development of metal-organic frameworks for gas storage and sensing applications. Additionally, applied in fluorescence-based sensors for detecting metal ions and biological molecules.