Used as a ligand in coordination chemistry to form metal complexes with catalytic activity, particularly in homogeneous catalysis for organic transformations such as oxidation and coupling reactions. Its rigid structure and multiple nitrogen donor sites enhance metal ion binding, making it valuable in designing sensors for metal ion detection. Also applied in the development of photoluminescent materials and supramolecular architectures due to its ability to facilitate electron transfer and stabilize complex structures. Shows potential in dye-sensitized solar cells and molecular electronics because of its extended π-conjugation and electronic properties.