Used as a ligand in coordination chemistry to form metal complexes with transition metals, particularly in the development of luminescent materials and sensors. Its rigid aromatic structure enhances stability and electronic properties in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and supramolecular assemblies. Commonly applied in photovoltaic devices and as a building block in catalysts for organic transformations. Also investigated for use in electrochemical applications due to its ability to facilitate electron transfer when coordinated to metal centers.