Used primarily as a free radical initiator in polymerization reactions, especially in aqueous systems. It is highly effective in initiating the polymerization of vinyl monomers such as acrylamide, acrylic acid, and their derivatives. Commonly employed in the production of water-soluble polymers used in water treatment, papermaking, and enhanced oil recovery. Its water solubility allows for efficient dispersion in polar media, making it ideal for emulsion and suspension polymerizations. Also used in biomedical research for controlled radical polymerization techniques due to its consistent decomposition rate at moderate temperatures. Stable at low pH and decomposes predictably upon heating to generate nitrogen gas and active radicals, facilitating controlled chain initiation.