Polystyrene standards are primarily used in analytical chemistry for calibration and characterization purposes. They serve as reference materials in techniques like gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to determine the molecular weight distribution of polymers. By comparing the elution profiles of unknown samples to those of the polystyrene standards, researchers can accurately assess the molecular size and weight of various synthetic and natural polymers.

In material science, these standards are employed to evaluate the performance of chromatography columns and to ensure the accuracy of polymer analysis instruments. They are also used in the development of new polymeric materials, helping to optimize synthesis processes and quality control. Additionally, polystyrene standards are utilized in academic and industrial research to study polymer behavior, such as chain conformation and solution properties, under different conditions. Their well-defined molecular weights make them indispensable tools for consistent and reliable polymer analysis.