Homogentisic acid is primarily known for its role in the biochemical pathway of tyrosine metabolism. In medical research, it is significant in the study of alkaptonuria, a rare genetic disorder where the body cannot properly break down this acid, leading to its accumulation. This condition helps researchers understand metabolic diseases and develop potential therapeutic strategies. Additionally, homogentisic acid has been explored in the field of biochemistry for its antioxidant properties, which are valuable in studying oxidative stress and its impact on cellular health. Its ability to polymerize and form pigments is also utilized in studies related to material science, particularly in the development of bio-based polymers and environmentally friendly materials.