Used primarily in the production of fumaric acid through isomerization, which is a key ingredient in food and beverages as an acidulant. Also serves as a building block in the synthesis of unsaturated polyester resins, widely used in fiberglass-reinforced plastics for automotive parts, tanks, and marine structures. Employed in the manufacture of alkyd resins for coatings and adhesives. Plays a role in the formulation of agricultural chemicals, including herbicides and plant growth regulators. Utilized in water treatment as a component in scale and corrosion inhibitors. Its ability to form copolymers makes it valuable in creating dispersants and superabsorbent polymers found in detergents and personal care products.