β-Elemene is a sesquiterpene compound widely used in cancer therapy due to its antitumor properties. It inhibits the growth of various cancer cells, including lung, ovarian, breast, liver, and brain (glioma) cancers, by disrupting the cell cycle and promoting programmed cell death (apoptosis) with minimal damage to normal cells. It exhibits low toxicity, making it suitable for long-term use in palliative care.

Commonly administered as an intravenous formulation or in capsules as part of integrative oncology treatments, especially in China and other Asian countries, β-Elemene supports chemotherapy by reducing tumor size, enhancing cancer cell sensitivity to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents, and alleviating side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and low blood cell counts. It is typically extracted from essential oils of medicinal plants, such as those in the ginger family (e.g., Curcuma wenyujin) or elecampane (Inula helenium).

Additionally, β-Elemene can cross the blood-brain barrier, positioning it as a candidate for brain tumor treatment. Ongoing research explores its anti-inflammatory effects, potential to prevent cancer metastasis, and neuroprotective properties for chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions.