Used in photochemical and electrochemical applications due to its luminescent and redox-active properties. Commonly employed as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), where it helps convert sunlight into electrical energy. Also utilized in artificial photosynthesis systems for light-driven water oxidation and hydrogen production. Plays a role in molecular electronics and as a catalyst in organic transformations involving electron transfer processes. Its reversible redox behavior makes it suitable for use in electrochromic devices and sensors. Frequently studied in fundamental research on electron transfer mechanisms and excited-state reactions.