Used primarily in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), this ruthenium-based complex acts as a photosensitizer that efficiently absorbs sunlight and initiates electron transfer. Its molecular structure allows strong binding to semiconductor surfaces like titanium dioxide, enabling effective electron injection upon light absorption. The presence of carboxylic acid groups enhances surface attachment, while the extended conjugated bipyridine ligand improves light-harvesting across the visible spectrum. This results in improved photovoltaic performance, including higher open-circuit voltage and overall energy conversion efficiency. Due to its tunable redox properties and good stability, it serves as a model compound for developing next-generation sensitizers in low-cost, flexible solar energy devices.