Used as a photoinitiator in UV-curable coatings, inks, and adhesives. It enables rapid polymerization upon exposure to ultraviolet light, offering high efficiency and low yellowing in clear coatings. Particularly effective in dual-cure systems where both light and thermal curing steps are required. Provides excellent surface cure and deep layer polymerization in thick or pigmented formulations. Also applied in 3D printing resins for improved curing control and mechanical properties.