Used as a metal-free photocatalyst for water splitting to produce hydrogen under visible light, making it valuable in renewable energy applications. Also employed in environmental remediation for degrading organic pollutants and dyes in wastewater. Acts as a catalyst support due to its high surface area and chemical stability. Applied in sensing platforms for detecting metals and biomolecules because of its fluorescence properties. Utilized in organic synthesis as a solid base catalyst. Shows promise in solar cells and photoelectrochemical devices due to its semiconducting behavior and band gap tunability.