Used as a bulky, electron-rich ligand in transition metal catalysis, particularly in palladium- and nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Enhances catalyst stability and activity by promoting reductive elimination and suppressing unwanted side reactions. Commonly employed in C–C and C–heteroatom bond formations, including Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig aminations. Its steric bulk and strong σ-donor properties improve selectivity and efficiency in challenging transformations. Also applied in CO2 reduction and hydrogenation processes due to its ability to stabilize low-oxidation-state metal centers.