Widely used as a ligand in homogeneous catalysis, particularly in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Its tridentate coordination ability stabilizes metal centers and enhances catalytic activity and selectivity. Commonly applied in Suzuki, Heck, and Negishi couplings for forming carbon-carbon bonds in pharmaceutical and fine chemical synthesis. The ligand’s rigid backbone and electron-rich phosphine groups improve catalyst longevity and efficiency under mild reaction conditions. Also employed in the development of transition metal complexes for asymmetric synthesis and industrial-scale processes where high regio- and enantioselectivity are required.