(R,R)-Palonosetron hydrochloride is primarily used in the prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy in cancer patients. It is particularly effective in managing acute and delayed phases of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The drug is administered intravenously or orally, providing flexibility in treatment options based on patient needs. Its long half-life allows for a single dose to be effective over an extended period, reducing the frequency of administration. Additionally, it is used in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing surgical procedures. The compound's high affinity for serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems makes it a potent antiemetic agent. Its efficacy and safety profile have made it a valuable option in both oncology and anesthesiology settings.