Widely used as a solid lubricant, especially in high-temperature and high-pressure environments where conventional oil-based lubricants fail. It is added to greases and coatings for machinery, automotive parts, and aerospace components to reduce friction and wear. Also serves as a catalyst in petroleum refining processes, particularly in hydrodesulfurization to remove sulfur from crude oil. Applied in composite materials to enhance strength and thermal stability. Used in electronic and optoelectronic devices due to its semiconducting properties, including transistors and sensors. Investigated for energy storage applications such as batteries and supercapacitors.