Etoposide is widely used in the treatment of various cancers, particularly small cell lung cancer and testicular cancer. It is a key component in chemotherapy regimens, often combined with other anticancer drugs to enhance its efficacy. The compound works by inhibiting the enzyme topoisomerase II, which is crucial for DNA replication and cell division, thereby preventing cancer cells from proliferating. Etoposide is also employed in the management of lymphomas, leukemias, and certain solid tumors. Its ability to target rapidly dividing cells makes it a valuable tool in both first-line and salvage therapy protocols. Additionally, it is sometimes used in high-dose chemotherapy followed by bone marrow transplantation for advanced or refractory cancers.