Used as a buffering agent in pharmaceutical formulations to maintain pH stability. Commonly found in injectable medications and eye drops where controlled acidity is critical. Also serves as an excipient in diagnostic reagents, particularly in enzymatic assays involving dehydrogenases, where it acts as a substrate or co-factor. In cell culture applications, it supports metabolic processes in certain types of media. Its biocompatibility makes it suitable for use in some parenteral nutrition solutions. Additionally, employed in cosmetic products to regulate pH and enhance product stability.