Palladium is widely used in catalytic converters for automobiles, where it helps to reduce harmful emissions by converting toxic gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons into less harmful substances such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor. In the electronics industry, it is utilized in the production of multilayer ceramic capacitors, which are essential components in smartphones, computers, and other electronic devices. Additionally, palladium plays a crucial role in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes in the chemical industry, facilitating the production of various chemicals and pharmaceuticals. It is also employed in dentistry for making dental alloys and in jewelry as a component of white gold. Furthermore, palladium is increasingly being explored for use in hydrogen storage and fuel cells, owing to its ability to absorb and release hydrogen efficiently.