Used as a palladium-based catalyst in cross-coupling reactions, particularly in Buchwald–Hartwig amination and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling. It enables efficient carbon–nitrogen and carbon–carbon bond formation under mild conditions. The bulky N-heterocyclic carbene ligand enhances catalyst stability and turnover, allowing reactions to proceed with low catalyst loading. Effective for coupling aryl chlorides, which are less reactive than bromides or iodides, making it cost-effective for large-scale synthesis. Commonly applied in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries for constructing complex organic molecules, especially nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Compatible with a wide range of functional groups, reducing the need for protecting groups. Often used in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) where high selectivity and yield are critical.