Used as a highly active catalyst in cross-coupling reactions, particularly in Buchwald–Hartwig aminations and Suzuki–Miyaura couplings. Effective for forming C–N and C–C bonds in complex molecule synthesis, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Shows excellent performance with aryl chlorides, which are less reactive and more cost-effective substrates. Stable under a variety of reaction conditions, allowing for use in both laboratory-scale and industrial applications. Ideal for late-stage functionalization where functional group tolerance and low catalyst loading are critical.