Used as a catalyst in cross-coupling reactions, particularly in carbon-carbon bond formation such as Suzuki-Miyaura and Heck reactions. It facilitates the coupling of aryl halides with various nucleophiles under mild conditions. Its solubility in polar organic solvents makes it suitable for homogeneous catalysis. Also employed in electrochemical applications due to its redox-active phenanthroline ligands. Commonly used in research settings for synthesizing complex organic molecules, including pharmaceuticals and functional materials.