Nalfurafine hydrochloride is primarily used in the treatment of uremic pruritus, a condition characterized by severe itching in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly those undergoing dialysis. It works by selectively targeting kappa opioid receptors in the central nervous system, which helps reduce the sensation of itch without causing significant sedative effects. Additionally, it has shown potential in managing pruritus associated with other conditions, such as liver disease and atopic dermatitis. Its unique mechanism of action makes it a valuable option for patients who do not respond adequately to traditional antipruritic therapies.