Suramin hexasodium salt is primarily used in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei parasites. It is effective against the hemolymphatic stage of the disease, particularly in infections caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Due to its poor penetration into the central nervous system, it is not used in the late (neurological) stages of the disease.

Beyond its antiparasitic use, suramin has been investigated for its potential in cancer therapy. It acts as an inhibitor of various growth factors and enzymes involved in cell proliferation, including protein kinase C and reverse transcriptase. It has shown antitumor activity in preclinical studies by blocking angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines.

Suramin also exhibits antiviral properties and has been studied for its ability to inhibit the replication of viruses such as HIV, where it interferes with viral entry and enzyme activity. Additionally, it has been explored in research settings as a blocking agent for purinergic receptors, making it a tool compound in studying cell signaling pathways.

In laboratory research, suramin is used to inhibit specific enzymes and receptor functions, particularly in studies related to signal transduction, inflammation, and metabolic regulation. Its broad inhibitory effects make it a valuable, though non-specific, pharmacological tool in biochemical assays.

However, suramin use requires caution due to severe side effects, such as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and should be administered under strict medical supervision.