Peretinoin is a synthetic retinoid primarily used for the secondary prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence in patients with chronic liver diseases, particularly those associated with hepatitis C or cirrhosis following curative treatments like surgical resection. It works by modulating retinoid X receptor (RXR) signaling, which influences cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis, thereby inhibiting hepatocarcinogenesis and reducing the risk of new tumor development. Clinical evidence supports its role in improving long-term outcomes in high-risk patients, though it is not a primary treatment for active HCC. Due to its retinoid-like properties, ongoing research explores its potential in other areas of oncology and dermatology.