TH588 is primarily investigated for its potential applications in cancer research due to its ability to selectively target and inhibit MTH1, an enzyme that plays a role in DNA repair mechanisms. By disrupting MTH1, it induces oxidative DNA damage in cancer cells, leading to their death while sparing healthy cells. This makes it a promising candidate for developing targeted cancer therapies. Additionally, it is studied for its effects on neurodegenerative diseases, as oxidative stress is a key factor in conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson’s. Researchers are exploring its utility in understanding cellular mechanisms and developing treatments for these diseases.