Used in advanced ceramics to enhance strength and high-temperature resistance. Employed in optical coatings due to its high refractive index and low absorption in visible light, making it ideal for anti-reflective coatings, mirrors, beam splitters, and high-clarity lenses for cameras and optical devices. Common in semiconductor manufacturing as a dielectric layer in capacitors and transistors. Applied in solar cells to improve light trapping and efficiency, and researched for use in battery materials to enhance energy storage performance. Utilized in catalysis, especially in dehydration and hydrolysis reactions. Employed in sensors and piezoelectric devices because of its stable electrical properties. Also used in corrosion-resistant and electrically insulating coatings for aerospace, defense, and electronics applications.