Used in optical coatings due to its high refractive index and low absorption in the visible spectrum, making it ideal for anti-reflective and reflective coatings in lenses and mirrors.

Employed in the production of capacitors for electronic devices, where it provides stable performance and high dielectric strength.

Serves as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in dehydration and oxidation reactions.

Utilized in lithium-ion batteries as a component in anode materials, contributing to improved charge-discharge rates and cycling stability.

Applied in the development of specialty glasses and ceramics with enhanced thermal and chemical resistance.

Also investigated for use in electrochromic devices and solar cells due to its electronic and optical properties.