Used in advanced electronic components due to its semiconducting properties, particularly in capacitors and resistors where stability and performance under high temperatures are required. It serves as a dielectric material in thin-film applications and is explored in the development of next-generation microelectronics. Its optical properties make it suitable for use in coatings that modulate light, such as smart windows and electrochromic devices. Also investigated for use in lithium-ion batteries as an anode material because of its ability to intercalate lithium ions efficiently. Plays a role in catalysis, especially in oxidation reactions, where it offers good selectivity and durability. Used in specialized optical coatings for lenses and sensors due to its high refractive index and transparency in certain wavelength ranges.