Used in optical coatings due to its high refractive index and low absorption, making it ideal for anti-reflective and reflective layers in lenses and mirrors. Employed in the production of capacitors for electronic devices because of its dielectric properties. Serves as a catalyst in organic reactions, particularly in dehydration and oxidation processes. Utilized in lithium-ion batteries as a component in electrode materials to enhance charge-discharge performance and stability. Applied in ceramic materials to improve mechanical strength and thermal resistance. Investigated for use in electrochromic devices and solar cells due to its ability to change optical properties with applied voltage.