Used in optical coatings due to its high refractive index and low absorption, making it ideal for anti-reflective layers, mirrors, and lens coatings in cameras, microscopes, and lasers. Employed in dielectric materials for capacitors in electronic devices because of its excellent insulating properties and thermal stability. Serves as a catalyst or catalyst support in chemical reactions, especially in dehydration and oxidation processes. Utilized in the production of specialty glasses and ceramics that require high heat resistance and durability. Investigated for use in lithium-ion batteries as an anode material due to its ability to intercalate lithium ions efficiently. Applied in biomedical coatings on implants to improve biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Used in thin-film form for semiconductor and sensor applications where stable, insulating oxide layers are required.