Used in optical coatings due to its high refractive index and low absorption in the visible spectrum, making it ideal for anti-reflective coatings, mirrors, and lens systems. Commonly employed in the production of capacitors, especially in high-performance electronic devices requiring stable dielectric properties. Utilized as a catalyst or catalyst support in industrial chemical reactions, including alkylation and dehydration processes. Applied in lithium niobate fabrication, which is essential for telecommunications devices such as modulators and waveguides. Investigated for use in electrochromic devices and smart windows due to its ion-insertion capabilities. Also explored in solar cells and photocatalytic systems for water splitting and pollutant degradation under UV light.