Alvelestat is primarily used in the treatment of diseases associated with the dysregulation of neutrophil elastase, an enzyme that can cause tissue damage when its activity is unchecked. It is particularly being investigated for its potential in managing conditions such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), where excessive neutrophil elastase activity leads to lung tissue destruction. Additionally, alvelestat is being explored for its therapeutic effects in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchiectasis, as it may help reduce inflammation and tissue degradation in the airways. Its application extends to research in other inflammatory and autoimmune disorders where neutrophil elastase plays a significant role in disease progression.