Emapunil is primarily investigated for its anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) properties. It acts as a selective ligand for the translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, which is involved in the regulation of neurosteroid synthesis. By modulating TSPO, emapunil enhances the production of neurosteroids such as allopregnanolone, which positively influence GABA-A receptors and produce calming, anti-stress effects without the sedative and dependence issues commonly associated with traditional benzodiazepines. It has been explored in clinical trials for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), showing potential for effective anxiety reduction with a favorable side effect profile. Additionally, due to its role in neurosteroid modulation, emapunil has been studied for neuroprotective effects in conditions involving neuroinflammation and neuronal damage, such as traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases. However, its development has remained limited to research and experimental stages, with no widespread clinical adoption to date.