Used in infrared optoelectronics due to their tunable bandgap in the near- to short-wave infrared range. Commonly applied in photodetectors and imaging sensors for night vision and environmental monitoring. Incorporated into solar cells to extend light absorption beyond the visible spectrum, improving energy conversion efficiency. Explored in bioimaging for deep-tissue fluorescence with minimal scattering. Processable in solution, enabling low-cost fabrication of flexible and large-area electronic devices. Oleic acid ligands prevent aggregation and maintain colloidal stability during thin-film deposition.