Used in composite materials to enhance mechanical strength and thermal stability. Commonly applied in coatings and films for barrier properties against gases and moisture. Utilized in water treatment due to its ability to adsorb heavy metals and organic pollutants. Employed in sensors for detecting biological and chemical substances owing to its high surface area and responsiveness. Applied in energy storage devices like supercapacitors and batteries to improve electrode performance. Investigated for use in drug delivery and biomedical imaging due to its biocompatibility and functionalizable surface.