Used as a catalyst in various industrial processes, including gas-to-liquids reactions such as converting methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, with good stability and recyclability in energy and fuel applications.

Employed in hydroprocessing reactions, particularly for hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation, due to its platinum-like behavior. It shows good activity and selectivity in converting heavy hydrocarbons and removing sulfur from fuels, offering advantages in poison resistance over molybdenum sulfide catalysts.

Applied in electrochemical applications, such as fuel cells, hydrogen evolution reaction, and battery electrodes, because of its high electrical conductivity and chemical stability.

Utilized as a hard coating material in cutting tools, wear-resistant components, and parts in harsh environments like steel industry equipment or high-friction engine parts, providing high hardness, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance.

Investigated for renewable energy systems, including water splitting and CO2 reduction, thanks to its cost-effectiveness and catalytic efficiency.