Used as a catalyst in industrial hydrogenation processes due to its high thermal stability and resistance to poisoning. Commonly applied in the petrochemical sector for refining crude oil and converting heavy fractions into lighter, more valuable products. Also utilized in electrochromic devices and smart windows because of its ability to reversibly change color under applied voltage. Shows promise in water splitting for hydrogen generation, serving as an efficient electrocatalyst in alkaline environments. Additionally, incorporated into wear-resistant coatings and high-performance alloys to enhance hardness and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. It is also used in energy storage systems, such as electrodes in batteries or supercapacitors, owing to its electrical conductivity and chemical stability.