Widely used as a white pigment in paints, coatings, and plastics due to its high opacity and brightness. Provides excellent UV protection in sunscreens and cosmetics, making it a key ingredient in personal care products. Applied in photocatalytic air and water purification systems because of its ability to break down organic pollutants under UV light. Used in dye-sensitized solar cells to enhance light absorption and electron transport. Also found in self-cleaning surfaces and anti-fogging coatings due to its photoactive properties.