Used as a precursor in the production of molybdenum metal, which is essential for making alloy steels and stainless steels to improve strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. Acts as a catalyst in the petroleum industry for refining processes such as hydrodesulfurization. Employed in ceramics and pigments to impart yellow to orange colors and enhance thermal stability. Serves as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in plastics and coatings. Utilized in electrochromic devices and sensors due to its reversible lithium-ion intercalation properties. Also functions as a solid lubricant additive in high-temperature environments.