Used as a catalyst in petroleum refining processes, particularly in hydrodesulfurization to remove sulfur from crude oil fractions. Plays a key role in the production of molybdenum metal, which is essential for making high-strength steel alloys and corrosion-resistant materials. Employed in ceramics and glass manufacturing to improve thermal stability and color. Serves as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in plastics and coatings. Also utilized in electrochromic devices and sensors due to its reversible redox properties.