Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in oxidation reactions. Employed in the production of iron oxide pigments for paints, ceramics, and glass due to its ability to provide consistent color and high thermal stability. Serves as a mordant in textile dyeing to improve color fastness. Applied in analytical chemistry for detecting the presence of anions such as thiocyanate, forming distinct color complexes. Also utilized in etching and metal surface treatment processes to modify surface properties and enhance adhesion.