Used as a pigment in ceramics and glass to produce blue, green, or red colors depending on the matrix and firing conditions. Acts as a catalyst in organic synthesis and in the removal of sulfur from petroleum products. Employed in the production of batteries, particularly in lithium-ion and alkaline types, due to its electrochemical properties. Utilized in antimicrobial coatings and textiles because of its ability to inhibit bacterial growth. Applied in the synthesis of superconductors and in the manufacturing of wood preservatives. Also serves in the formulation of pesticides and fungicides for agricultural use.