Used as a pigment in ceramics and glass to produce blue, green, or red colors depending on the matrix and firing conditions. Acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions, especially in the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Employed in the production of rayon as a component in the chemical processing solution. Utilized in batteries and supercapacitors due to its electrochemical properties. Added to antimicrobial coatings and materials because of its ability to inhibit bacterial growth. Used in welding fluxes and in metallurgy for controlling slag properties. Also found in wood preservatives and in some types of concrete to improve durability and appearance.