Used as a pigment in ceramics and glass to produce blue, green, or red colors depending on the concentration and composition. Acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions, especially in the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Employed in the production of rayon as a component in the chemical processing solution. Utilized in batteries and superconductors due to its electrical properties. Added to antimicrobial coatings and textiles for its ability to inhibit bacterial growth. Also found in welding fluxes and in the treatment of wastewater to remove sulfides.