Used as a pigment in ceramics and glass to produce blue, green, or red colors depending on the matrix and firing conditions. Acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions, especially in the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Employed in the production of rayon as a component in the chemical processing solution. Added to welding rods and fluxes to improve stability and arc control. Utilized in batteries, fuel cells, and superconductors as a functional semiconductor material due to its electrical properties. Also applied in antimicrobial coatings and textiles because of its ability to inhibit bacterial growth. Used as a micronutrient additive in small amounts in fertilizers and animal feed to supplement copper. Incorporated in antifouling paints for industrial applications, such as marine coatings, to prevent the growth of aquatic organisms.