Used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species under light irradiation. Also applied in catalysis, particularly in oxidation reactions, where it acts as a stable and efficient catalyst. Employed in the development of molecular sensors for detecting gases and metal ions because of its distinct optical responses. Utilized in dye-sensitized solar cells to enhance light absorption and electron transfer efficiency. Serves as a building block in supramolecular chemistry for constructing functional nanomaterials and molecular devices.